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Viscosity Simulator

Examine how the viscosities of different fluids and magmas affect their flow behavior. Select one of the fluids or magmas below to see how it behaves.

Viscosities of Common Liquids and Magmas

Viscosity plays a fundamental role in how magma moves and how fast and far lava can flow from an erupting volcano. There is a tremendous range in the viscosities of common liquids and magmas as shown by the scale below.

Click on any one of the liquids or magmas to see how the viscosity influences their flow behavior. Note that each increment of the scale increases by a factor of 100!

Low viscosity lava flows
MAGMAS
water
olive oil
ketchup
basalt
andesite
rhyolite
LOW
100
102
104
106
108
1010
1012
HIGH
Viscosity Scale (poise)
Water: 10-2poise

Water is the most abundant fluid on the Earth's surface and it flow easily even on relatively low slopes.

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Olive Oil: 101poise

Olive oil is a common fluid used in cooking and is a healthy alternative to oils high in saturated fats. It pours easily from a bottle and becomes more fluid as it gets hotter.

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Ketchup: 102poise

Ketchup is a rather viscous condiment that is sometimes difficult to get out of a bottle without a little coaxing. The lowest viscosity magmas behave like ketchup.

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Basalt Magma: 103 - 105 poise

Basaltic lava flow from Hawaii (USGS)

Animation of the internal structure of a andesite lava flow

Magmas consist of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms arranged as tetrahedron that are linked together by either strong O-O bonds or weaker O- (Ca, Mg, Fe) bounds. As the number of O-O bonds increases so does the viscosity because the bonds need to be broken in order for the magma to flow.

Basalt magmas have relatively high contents of Ca, Mg, and Fe, and lower contents of Si and O. This results in overall weaker chemical bonds and thus some of the lowest magma viscosities.

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Andesite Magma: 103 - 105poise

Andesite lava flow from Reventador (Ramon, 2004)

Animation of the internal structure of a andesite lava flow

Magmas consist of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms arranged as tetrahedron that are linked together by either strong O-O bonds or weaker O- (Ca, Mg, Fe) bounds. As the number of O-O bonds increases so does the viscosity because the bonds need to be broken in order for the magma to flow.

Andesite magmas moderate contents of Ca, Mg, and Fe and higher contents of Si and O. This results n stronger chemical bonds and higher viscosities compared with basalt magmas.

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Rhyolite Magma: 109 - 1014 poise

Rhyolite lava flow from Oregon (USGS)

Animation of the internal structure of a rhyolite lava flow

Magmas consist of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms arranged as tetrahedron that are linked together by either strong O-O bonds or weaker O- (Ca, Mg, Fe) bounds. As the number of O-O bonds increases so does the viscosity because the bonds need to be broken in order for the magma to flow.

Rhyolite magmas have low contents of Ca, Mg, and Fe, and high contents of Si and O. This results in overall strong chemical bonds and some of the higest viscosities of any magma type.

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